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什么是引力透镜，詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜如何利用它？_我的网站

一 |     来自詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜的第一张图片显示了SMACS 0723星系团的闪亮的星空。

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    Envision Galaxy Campus, the world's largest single AI computing facility by China's green technology company Envision Group, enters into operation in Ulanqab, North China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, on August 6, 2026. Photo: Envision GroupChina's largest artificial intelligence (AI) computing industrial park was completed and put into operation in Ulanqab, North China's Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region on Thursday. Meanwhile, Chinese AI start-up DeepSeek is reportedly also planning a massive AI data center there.  
As more Chinese companies choose to stack data centers in a lesser-known city in Northern China, seeking cheaper land, electricity and cooler climate, Chinese industry experts said on Friday that the country's institutional advantages in developing AI are being fully demonstrated, providing solid support for an emerging industry that is continuously promoting welfare globally as an international public good.
China's green technology company Envision Group announced that its Envision Galaxy Campus - a large-scale AI data center (AIDC)  - in Ulanqab officially entered operation on Thursday. It is also the single AIDC with the largest token output capacity in the world, Chinese green technology company Envision Group said in a statement sent to the Global Times on Friday.
Envision Group said its Envision Galaxy Campus in Ulanqab, with a planned total capacity of 2 gigawatts, integrates renewable energy, intelligent power management and high-density computing at unprecedented scale.
Envision is not the only Chinese company interested in building an AI data center in Ulanqab.
Recently, Chinese AI start-up DeepSeek posted a job opening for a senior data center operations and maintenance engineer, listing "Ulanqab" as the work location, which analysts said "hinted at a new data center of DeepSeek."
A recent report by Bloomberg also indicated that DeepSeek is also planning a massive AI data center there, citing people familiar with the matter. The report describes the project as "an ambitious move" in computing infrastructure from the start-up that's shown it can compete with the leading AI models of Silicon Valley.
DeepSeek is looking to add 1 gigawatt worth of compute in Ulanqab, about 350 kilometers northwest of Beijing, the report said. The announced and planned AI data centers are the latest addition to more than a dozen firms that have projects planned in the city.
Chinese experts said that these data centers located in Ulanqab, with its cool and dry climate, enjoy a natural advantage in heat dissipation that accounts for a major part of a data center's maintenance. But it is more than that. The city's status as a massive producer of clean energy as well as a hub of China's national computing power network, and a national development blueprint that goes back for years, are behind the companies' decisions, and these factors together are a vivid display of China's institutional advantage.
Unique advantage
Envision told the Global Times that its Envision Galaxy Campus features an area of 120,000 square meters, roughly equivalent to 20 standard football fields, and supports the computing capacity for 1 million graphics processing units (GPUs) in parallel, making it the AIDC with the highest token output capacity globally and setting a new benchmark for compute density in AI infrastructure.
With a purposely built proprietary AI Power System that enables stable, high-efficiency power transmission and energy storage just like a "power expressway and electricity granary", the facility can deliver up to ten times compute output per square meter more than conventional data centers.
Explaining why Ulanqab was chosen as the facility site, Envision said the city is one of the eight digital infrastructure hubs of the national "east data, west computing" project, allowing the center to have minimal latency for online computing tasks - a required feature as the number of GPUs multiplies at AI clusters. 
Some 67 percent of the area's electricity is generated from wind and solar, making the base an ideal place to tap green energy, the company noted, adding that it aims to develop 5 gigawatts of green AIDC capacity in desert and arid regions worldwide by 2030.
"Light travels at roughly 300,000 kilometers per second. But when it comes to supercomputing, latency becomes a matter so the physical distance between computing demand and computing capacity becomes a factor to be considered," Ma Jihua, a veteran technology industry analyst, told the Global Times on Friday.
"The AI computing clusters will effectively serve demand generated in Northern China, particular the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, where the digital economy is growing fast," Ma said. 
Tian Feng, former dean of SenseTime's Intelligence Industry Research Institute, said that companies' selection of Ulanqab is more than a simple geographic location balancing - it is an act that reflects the underlying shift in companies' site-selection logic, as the compute paradigms shift from storage to training and inference.
To support the synchronous training of a cluster equipped with as much as one million GPUs, Envision needs to build its own wind farms and dedicated transmission lines; this is not merely a matter of "finding a cool spot to house server racks" but rather integrating power system engineering directly into the AI compute infrastructure, Tian told the Global Times on Friday.
"Data centers in the storage era have been passive consumers of the power grid. Now, in the AI training era, they require the grid to be custom-designed for them," Tian said. "This way, the energy company can lock electricity costs at its AI centers within a controllable range, giving it teeth for competition in the upcoming token economy era." 
As the next frontier of AI is infrastructure, the cost of computing becomes a company's core competitiveness, Tian said.
By tapping rich renewable energy sources and direct power transmission from wind farm to data center, the electricity price at data centers in Hohhot, provincial capital of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and home to another data center cluster, is only one third of that in Beijing, domestic news portal bjnews.com.cn reported in June.
The unfolding story around Ulanqab also highlighted China's institutional strengths. 
"The government drew up a plan, laid down the backbone of a national computing power network, and private-sectors companies followed up with their own investment, forming a self-reinforcing positive loop," Ma said.
To underpin AI growth, China's Government Work Report this year unveiled plans to launch new infrastructure projects focused on hyperscale intelligent computing clusters, alongside the coordinated development of computing capacity and power supply, according to the Xinhua News Agency. 
Meanwhile, China's robust clean energy infrastructure and aggressive expansion plans for the upcoming five-year cycle are also poised to secure the critical power supply needed to meet the energy-intensive demands of AI computing.
The National Development and Reform Commission, China's top economic planner, said computing power network construction during the 15th Five-Year Plan period (2026-30) will lead to new direct investment of 4 trillion yuan ($592.68 billion), citing estimates by relevant institutions, the Securities Times reported on July 31.
Statistics show that by the first quarter of 2025, the total computing power of the eight data computing hubs of the "east data, west computing" project had reached 215.5 EFLOPS, with intelligent computing power accounting for 80.8 percent, according to Xinhua.
Computing power benefiting world
Yin Hejun, minister of Science and Technology, termed AI, robotics and innovative drugs as China's "new new three" at a recent policy briefing.
Ma said the expanding buildup of Chinese AI infrastructure reflects the strong growth of China's AI-related industries, which have emerged as new drivers of China's export growth, representing China's new core strategic industries and fresh economic growth engines.
As China's AI computing power grows, the country will be more well positioned to handle global demand, as it becomes the world's "token factory" by capitalizing on its energy strengths, Ma noted.
As China's technology exports now extend to digital services, with companies increasingly providing AI algorithms, cloud computing, and digital solutions to overseas markets, analysts said the competitively priced compute power from China will serve the world as an international public good in the emerging "token economy."
"In the future, computing clusters in Northern China will be ideal for handling computing needs generated from the Central Asian and Northeast Asian markets, due to its geographic proximity," Ma said.
Although some Western media outlets have recently targeted China's cost-effective AI products with a flurry of far-fetched skepticism in a bid to curb the growth of China's AI industry, Chinese AI products are already benefiting the world, analysts and industry insiders said. 
For instance, Chinese AI company iFLYTEK said that its AI-powered intelligent teaching system has helped expand Chinese language learning worldwide and supported the digital development of Chinese education in overseas markets. The AI-powered intelligent Chinese teaching system has greatly expanded students' practice opportunities: On average, learners now speak Chinese 12 times per session, compared with only twice in regular classes at a Thai school, the company said.
As China embraces the concept of technology for good and inclusive AI to be shared by the whole of mankind, more people in the world will benefit from this trend, analysts noted.
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三 | 这张图片中发生了很多事情，但是如果凝视时间足够长，你可能会注意到，一些星系似乎“变形了”，它们的光线被拉长了。然而，这并不是望远镜的人为因素--这是现实本身的扭曲，在被拍摄的空间区域内。引力与质量有着千丝万缕的联系，所以一个天体的质量越大，其引力影响就越大。这种力量是我们能站在地球上的原因，也是让地球绕着太阳转的原因。

四 | 但是它的工作方式比许多人可能意识到的还要奇怪--引力使时空的结构发生了变化。詹姆斯·韦伯澳大利亚数据中心的首席科学家Themiya Nanayakkara 博士告诉 New Atlas：“假设有一组彼此靠近的大质量星系；即星系团。将会发生的是，因为这里的集体质量非常大，它将在周围的空间中产生一个弯曲--当你把一个重球放在床上时，可以在床褥上观察到类似的效果。因此，当来自背景星系的光线经过这个区域时，它所要走的路径会被弯曲。这导致背景星系的图像被拉长。

五 | ”这种现象被称为引力透镜，其影响在韦伯的新图像中清晰可见。ICRAR的天文学家Robin Cook表示：“所有的物质都会在空间产生这些扭曲，包括你和我，但是只有当真正的天文数量的物质作为透镜存在时，引力透镜的效果才会明显，例如，在新的JWST图像中看到的组合星系团。在这些图像中，我们看到来自非常遥远的星系的光线在前景星系团周围弯曲，形成了令人印象深刻和令人费解的弧线。因为星系团并不是完美的球体，这种现象往往会产生奇怪的特征，比如同一个星系的镜像。”顾名思义，引力透镜可以放大非常遥远的天体，包括一些太过遥远的天体，否则就无法看到。

六 | 这给了天文学家一个令人难以置信的窥视最遥远的空间和时间的机会。澳大利亚联邦科学与工业研究组织空间与天文学部的 Ray Norris 教授说：“这里的关键特征是，引力透镜不仅扭曲了光线，而且还放大了光线，就像一个望远镜。因此，如果你用JWST通过引力透镜观看遥远的宇宙，就好像你在JWST上安装了一个额外的镜头，让你看到比没有引力透镜更遥远的星系。

七 | ”而詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜特别适合于利用这一现象。澳大利亚国立大学天文学和天体物理学研究学院院长Matthew Colless教授解释说：“使JWST特别善于利用这一现象的因素与使它擅长许多事情的因素相同：一个在红外波长下工作的大镜子。大镜子有两个方面的帮助，因为它不仅可以收集更多的光（所以可以看到更暗的东西），而且可以产生更清晰的图像（所以可以看到更小的东西）。在红外波长下工作也很有帮助，因为红移效应意味着宇宙中非常遥远的天体的光线会沿着光谱从可见光移到红外线。由于天文学家在引力透镜的帮助下观察的目标是微弱的、小的和非常遥远的，JWST比在可见光波长下工作的较小的望远镜，如哈勃，有很大优势。

八 | ”人们可以从詹姆斯·韦伯的空前威力中学到很多东西，结合引力透镜，它可以让天文学家研究宇宙在大爆炸后很早的时候的情况。

九 | “JWST已经在对宇宙中形成的第一代星系中的一些星系进行成像，”ARC未来研究员Cathryn Trott教授告诉 New Atlas。

十 | “它也有能力拍摄它们的光谱，据此，来自星系的光被分成其组成波长，使天文学家能够识别个别元素。来自SMACS 0723领域的凝聚星系的光谱已经向我们显示，在宇宙最初几亿年内形成的星系有氧气，这种元素只在恒星内产生。这些观测结果，结合使用低频射电望远镜对原始氢气的观测，如默奇森广域阵列，告诉我们宇宙中第一代恒星是何时形成的，以及星系如何从JWST观测到的小而结实的星系，演变到今天我们周围的星系。

十一 | ”“而且我们还可能通过测量光在引力透镜周围的旅行时间的差异来获得对宇宙膨胀率和年龄的新的精确测量，如爆炸的恒星或闪烁的类星体，”Colless补充说。

十二 | “因此，我们预计JWST和引力透镜的结合将成为探索遥远宇宙的一种异常强大的方式。

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Published on:15:47:25